| Chemical Abstract Number (CAS #) |
123911
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| Synonyms | p-Dioxane |
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1,4-Dioxane | 1,4-Diethylene dioxide |
| Analytical Methods |
EPA Method 8240B |
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EPA Method 8260A |
| Molecular Formula | C4H8O2 |
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| Use | WETTING & DISPERSING AGENT IN TEXTILE PROCESSING, DYE-BATHS,
STAIN & PRINTING COMPOSITIONS; USED IN CLEANING AND DETERGENT
PREPARATIONS, ADHESIVES, COSMETICS, DEODORANTS, FUMIGANTS,
EMULSIONS & POLISHING COMPOSITIONS
Used in lacquers, paints, varnishes, paint and varnish removers.
Solvent in pulping of wood
In dipping, roller coating, tumbling, knifing, and brushing of natural, and synthetic resin-based
varnishes, lacquers, and paints.
Solvent for fats, oils, waxes, and natural and synthetic resins.
Degreasing agent/.
Working fluid for scintillation counter samples.
Used in purification of drugs.
Preparation of tissue sections for histology. Former use
As a solvent in spectroscopic and photometric measurements. Is reliable only in the absence
of oxygen.
Used as a stabilizer for chlorinated solvents, particularly, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and in
solvent applications.
1,4-Dioxane is used in cosmetic products, such as shampoos and bath preparations.
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| Consumption Patterns | Approximately 90% of the 1,4-dioxane produced annually is used as a stabilizer for
chlorinated solvents, particularly, 1,1,1-trichloroethane. The remainder of the 1,4-dioxane
production is used in solvent applications (1985).
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| Apparent Color | COLORLESS LIQUID
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| Odor | FAINT PLEASANT ODOR ; An ethereal odor
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| Boiling Point | 101.1 DEG C AT 760 MM HG
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| Melting Point | 11.80 DEG C
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| Molecular Weight | 88.10
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| Density | 1.0337 AT 20 DEG C/4 DEG C
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| Sensitivity Data | Since odor is not irritating, atmospheric concn high enough to produce anesthesia &
organ damage may not provoke alarm.
EYE, SKIN, & RESP IRRITANT.
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| Environmental Impact | 1,4-Dioxane is used primarily as a solvent in such widely used products as paints,
varnishes, lacquers, cosmetics and deodorants. When released to water, 1,4-dioxane is not
expected to hydrolyze and may volatilize, although its infinite water solubility precludes
estimating the volatilization half-life. Based on its infinite water solubility and low estimated soil
sorption partition coefficient, 1,4-dioxane released to soil is expected to leach to groundwater.
1,4-Dioxane is not expected to bioconcentrate in fish or biodegrade in soil or water. 1,4-Dioxane
which enters the atmosphere is expected to degrade fairly quickly. After 3.4 hr, 50% of the
dioxane mixed with NO and subjected to environmental UV radiation had degraded. A half-life of
6.69 hr was estimated for the reaction of 1,4-dioxane with atmospheric hydroxyl radicals. The
expected products of this reaction are aldehydes and ketones. Human exposure is expected to
result primarily from contact with products containing 1,4-dioxane.
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| Environmental Fate | TERRESTRIAL FATE: Using a measured log octanol/water partition coefficient of
-0.27 , a log soil-sorption coefficient (Koc) of 1.23 was estimated for 1,4-dioxane(2,SRC).
Compounds with a Koc of this magnitude are mobile in soil so 1,4-dioxane may leach to
groundwater. Although the infinite water solubility prevents the estimation of a
volatilization half-life 1,4-dioxane should volatilize from dry soil based on its moderate vapor
pressure (37 mm Hg at 25 deg C ).
AQUATIC FATE: No hydrolysis data were available for 1,4-dioxane. Ethers have been classified
as generally resistant to hydrolysis , therefore, 1,4-dioxane is not expected to hydrolyze
significantly. No volatilization data for 1,4-dioxane were available, and since 1,4-dioxane is
infinitely soluble in water, a volatilization half-life cannot be estimated. 1,4-Dioxane has a
moderate vapor pressure at 25 deg C (37 mm Hg), therefore, volatilization may be significant.
With an estimated Koc of 1.23, 1,4-dioxane is not expected to significantly adsorb on suspended
sediments. 1,4-Dioxane exhibited a negligible biological oxygen demand in two activated sludge
experiments and the compound has been classified as relatively undegradable. It is expected,
therefore, that 1,4-dioxane will not biodegrade extensively in the aquatic environment.
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: The half-life of the reaction of 1,4-dioxane with photochemically
produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere was estimated to be 6.69 to 9.6 hr. Experimental
results of sunlight irradiated mixtures of dioxane/NO suggest similiar half-lives. The products of
the reaction of ethers with hydroxyl radicals are likely to be aldehydes and ketones .
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| Drinking Water Impact | SURFACE WATER: Raw water collected from an unspecified river in the United
Kingdom contained 1,4-dioxane, but no quantitative data were presented . 1,4-Dioxane at 1
ug/l was detected in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Channel in the Lake Michigan basin .
DRINKING WATER: 1,4-Dioxane at 1 ug/l was detected in United States drinking water . A
Massachusetts drinking water well contained 1,4-dioxane at 2100 ppb .
GROUNDWATER: 1,4-Dioxane was detected in 37% of the samples of well water collected near
a solid waste landfill located 60 miles southwest of Wilmington, DE . No concentrations were
presented. Leachates from wells located near low level radioactive waste disposal sites contained
1,4-dioxane, but no quantitative data were presented .
EFFL: 1,4-Dioxane was detected at 1 ug/l in effluents from the North Side and Calumet sewage
treatment plants on the Lake Michigan basin .
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