| Chemical Abstract Number (CAS #) |
2691410
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| Synonyms | CYCLOTETRAMETHYLENETETRANITRAMINE(HMX) |
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| Analytical Method |
EPA Method 8350 |
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| Molecular Formula | C7H6O |
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| Use | BEE REPELLENT FORMER PESTICIDE
REACTED WITH VINYL FIBERS TO IMPART ELASTIC RECOVERY; INT
FOR
1,3,5,7-TETRANITRO-1,3,5,7-TETRAAZACYCLOOCTANE;
*1,3,5,7-TETRAZOCINE, OCTAHYDRO-1,3,5,7-TETRANITRO-; +BETA-HMY; *HMX-;
*HW-4-; *LX 14-0; *OCTOGEN-; *OKTOGEN-;
*TETRAMETHYLENETETRANITRAMINE-
RN: 2691-41-0
MF: *C4-H8-N8-O8
WL: +T8N CN EN GNTJ ANW CNW ENW GNW
RTEC: XF7450000
SHPN: UN 0226; Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (dry); Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine,
containing, by weight, at least 15% water; HMX
:
USE: +In the manufacture of explosives [R1]
DISP: +BATCH CARBON ADSORPTION STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED FOR
POLLUTANTS (TNT, RDX, TAX, HMX, & SEX) FROM HOLSTON AAP INDUST LIQ
WASTE TREATMENT FACILITY. [R2]
+Ultraviolet radiation and hydrogen peroxide studies were conducted for pollutants: TNT, RDX,
HMX, and SEX from Holston Army Ammunition Plant liquid waste treatment facility. [R3]
+PILOT STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED ON EACH OF THE STREAMS FROM ARMY
AMMUNITION PLANTS & SIMULATED STREAM FOR A NEW FACILITY BEING
CONSIDERED FOR PRODN OF RDX/HMX. BOTH THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEM
& ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR SYSTEM SHOW A HIGH DEGREE OF BOD
REMOVAL. IN BOTH SYSTEMS CARBON COLUMNS ARE NEEDED TO REMOVE THE
NONBIODEGRADABLE CONTAMINATES FROM THE STREAMS. AN OPTIMUM
TREATMENT APPROACH MAY BE A HYBRID SYSTEM. [R1]
+Corona oxidation studies were conducted for pollutants: TNT, RDX, HMX, and SEX from
Holston Army Ammunition Plant liquid waste treatment facility. [R4]
+CYCLOTETRAMETHYLENETETRANITRAMINE (HMX) DID NOT EXHIBIT
MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY IN SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM USING AMES TEST. [R5]
+, GENERALLY, NO ADVERSE EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO 32 MG HMX/L WERE
OBSERVED AMONG ANY OF THE ALGAE, FISH, OR INVERTEBRATE SPECIES
TESTED. THE 7-DAY OLD FRY OF FATHEAD MINNOW WERE THE ONLY LIFE
STAGE OR SPECIES ACUTELY AFFECTED. BASED ON AN APPLICATION FACTOR OF
0.05 & 96-HR LC50 FOR THE MOST SENSITIVE AQUATIC ORGANISM (7-DAY OLD
FRY OF THE FATHEAD MINNOW) TESTED (15 NG/L), A WATER QUALITY
CRITERION OF 0.75 MG/L WAS PROPOSED FOR THE PROTECTION OF FRESHWATER
AQUATIC LIFE WITH ADEQUATE MARGIN OF SAFETY. [R6, AD-A054981]
+LC50 Fathead minnows, 7-day old 15 ng/l/96 hr [R6, AD-AO54981]
: +Report describes studies to determine the impact of photolysis & biotransformation on
the persistence of HMX in water from the Holston River and LAAP lagoons. Photolysis was
found to be the dominant transformation process in the Holston River. Poor light transmission
through the lagoon waters inhibited photolytic processes. Conditions were not favorable for
biotransformation in the Holston River or in LAAP lagoons. Computer simulations of the Holston
River & LAAP lagoons indicate that HMX will be persistent in these environments with dilution
serving as the major factor in reducing HMX concn in these bodies of water. [R7]
BIOD: +Report des MANF cribes studies to determine the impact of photolysis &
biotransformation on
the persistence of HMX in Holston River water and LAAP lagoons. Biotransformation of HMX
occurred under both aerobic & anaerobic conditions in HMX wasteline water but conditions were
not favorable for this transformation in Holston River water or in LAAP lagoon water. The
metabolites resulting from both aerobic and anaerobic transformation were the mono- through
tetra-nitroso derivatives of HMX which eventually were metabolized to 1,1-dimethylhydrazine.
[R7]
+Studies were conducted to determine the impact of photolysis & biotransformation on
the persistence of HMX in Holston River water and LAAP lagoons. Photolysis was found to be
the dominant transformation process with half-lives ranging from 17 days in Holston River water
to 7900 days in lagoon water. Poor light transmission through the lagoon water inhibited
photolytic processes. Major photolytic transformation products were nitrate, nitrite, and
formaldehyde. [R7]
+THE (COD) CHEMICAL OXIDATION DEMAND TEST DOES NOT GIVE
COMPLETE RECOVERY WITH MANY CMPD, EG CMPD WITH NITRAMINE GROUPS,
PRESENT IN AMMUNITION INDUSTRY EFFLUENTS. THE TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
(TOC) TEST, WHICH IS INDEPENDENT OF THE STRUCTURE OF CMPD, GAVE
COMPLETE RECOVERY DATA. [R8]
+STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED FOR POLLUTANTS (TNT, RDX, TAX, HMX, &
SEX) FROM HOLSTON AAP INDUSTIAL LIQ WASTE TREATMENT FACILITY. [R2]
ATMC: +DEFINITION OF THE SPECIFIC AIR POLLUTANTS GENERATED FROM
PRODUCTION OF HMX TOGETHER WITH ATTENDANT RAW MATERIAL MFR &
RECOVERY PROCESSES IS DISCUSSED, AS WELL AS INCINERATION OF OFFGRADE
& USED MATERIAL. [R9]
+LIQ CHROMATOGRAPHY & REDUCTIVE ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION
WERE USED TO DETERMINE NITRAMINE IN EXPLOSIVE MIXTURES & GUNSHOT
RESIDUE. [R10]
+THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETECTION OF NITRAMINES IS DISCUSSED.
[R11]
+A HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQ CHROMATOGRAPHIC STUDY OF SEVEN EXPLOSIVE
MATERIALS IS PRESENTED. [R12]
+X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic detection and identification of explosive materials and
residues is described. [R13]
+Procedure for the analysis of munition components in water by resin adsorptions and
high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection is described. [R14]
+A method is described for the preparation and analysis of explosive-bearing soils for trace
amounts of HMX, RDX, TNT, and DNT. To impart a uniformity to the analysis, the soils were
stabilized at 20-30% moisture and the samples homogenized. The cmpd were extracted with
acetonitrile and separated utilizing reverse phase liquid chromatography. Following separation,
explosives were detected by UV spectrometry. Presented were data on detection limits, percent
recoveries and coefficients of variation for each cmpd in the range of 0.5-200 ppm. [R15]
+HANDSWAB EXTRACTS WERE ANALYZED FOR TRACE AMOUNTS OF
EXPLOSIVES USING AMBERLITE XAD-7 POROUS POLYMER BEADS, SILICA
CAPILLARY COLUMN GC WITH ELECTRON-CAPTURE DETECTION & TLC. [R16]
+Traces of HMX and other explosives (4-5 picrogram level) were determined using the thermal
energy analyzer coupled with high pressure liquid chromatography. Analyses of handswab
extracts, and human blood are described. [R17]
NUMEROUS DERIV, INCL DYES; ODORANT IN PERFUMES;
FLAVORING
INGREDIENT
CHEM INTERMEDIATE FOR AROMATIC ALC; SOLVENT FOR OILS,
RESINS, SOME
CELLULOSE ETHERS, CELLULOSE ACETATE & NITRATE; MFR
BENZOIC ACID;
PHARMACEUTICALS; PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEM
MANUFACTURE OF CINNAMIC & MANDELIC ACIDS
TECHNICAL GRADE BENZALDEHYDE IS LARGELY USED AS AN
INTERMEDIATE
FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ODORANTS AND FLAVORING
CHEMICALS, MAINLY
CINNAMALDEHYDE, AMYL CINNAMALDEHYDE, HEXYL
CINNAMALDEHYDE AND
CINNAMYL ALCOHOL. NF BENZALDEHYDE IS USED DIRECTLY AS A
FLAVORING
AGENT, PARTICULARLY FOR ARTIFICIAL CHERRY AND ALMOND
FLAVORS
STARTING MATERIAL FOR PHARMACEUTICALS (AMPICILLIN) AND
PESTICIDES
(DIBENZOQUAT)
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| Consumption Patterns | 45% IS USED AS AN
ODORANT AND FLAVORING CHEM; 30% AS AN INT FOR
DYES; AND 25% FOR THE MFR OF OTHER CHEMS (1965)
/PRIMARILY USED AS AN INTERMEDIATE FOR THE MANUFACTURE
OF
ODORANTS AND FLAVORING CHEMICALS (1978 DATA)
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| Apparent Color | COLORLESS LIQUID
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| Odor | Odor of volatile oil of almond ; Bitter almonds
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| Boiling Point | 179 DEG C
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| Melting Point | -26 DEG C; FP: -56 DEG C
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| Molecular Weight | 106.12
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| Density | 1.050 @ 15 DEG C/4 DEG C
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| Odor Threshold Concentration | 0.042 ppm
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| Sensitivity Data | Inhalation of concentrated vapor may
irritate eyes, nose & throat. Liquid is irritating to
eyes. Prolonged contact with the skin may cause irritation.
HIGHLY IRRITANT ACTION ON MUCOUS MEMBRANES OF THE
RESPIRATORY
TRACT. ALDEHYDES
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| Environmental Impact | Benzaldehyde is released to the
environment in emissions from combustion processes such
as gasoline and diesel engines, incinerators and wood burning. It is formed in the
atmosphere
through photochemical oxidation of toluene and otheraromatic hydrocarbons. It
occurs naturally
in various plants. If released to the atmosphere, benzaldehyde will degrade by
reaction with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (half-life of 29.8 hr); direct photolysis
may contribute
to its atmospheric degradation. Physical removal from air by wet deposition can
occur. If released
to soil or water, the major degradation pathway is expected to be biodegradation.
Physical
transport from water can occur through volatilization. Estimated Koc values (9-71)
suggest that
benzaldehyde will leach in soil. Occupational exposure to benzaldehyde occurs
through inhalation
of vapor and dermal contact. The general population is exposed to benzaldehyde
through
consumption of food (where it occurs either naturally or as an intentional food
additive) and
inhalation of contaminated air.
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| Environmental Fate | TERRESTRIAL FATE: The primary
degradation process in soil is expected to be
biodegradation. A number of biological screening studies have demonstrated that
benzaldehyde is
readily biodegradable. Estimated Koc values of 34 and 150 suggest that
benzaldehyde will leach
readily(1,SRC).
AQUATIC FATE: The major environmental degradation process for benzaldehyde
in water is
probably biodegradation. A number of biological screening studies have
demonstrated that
benzaldehyde is readily biodegradable. Volatilization may have some importance;
volatilization
half-lives of 37 hr and 17 days have been estimated for a model river (one meter
deep) and an
environmental pond, respectively(2,3). Direct photolysis may occur in brightly
sunlit waters;
however, reliable photolysis rates are not available. Aquatic hydrolysis, adsorption
to sediment,
and bioconcentration are not expected to be important fate processes.
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Based upon a vapor pressure of 1.27 mm Hg at 25 deg C
,
benzaldehyde is expected to exist primarily in the vapor-phase in the ambient
atmosphere(2,SRC).
Vapor-phase benzaldehyde will degrade in an average ambient atmosphere by
reaction with
photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (estimated half-life of 29.8
hr)(3,SRC). Direct
photolysis and reaction with nitrate radicals (during night-time hrs) will also
contribute to its
atmospheric degradation. Small quantities of benzaldehyde have been detected in
atmospheric
aerosol particulates(4,5); particulate material can be physically removed from air
via dry and wet
deposition. Benzaldehyde's detection in rain, snow, fog, and cloud water(6,7)
indicates that wet
deposition has some environmental importance.
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| Drinking Water Impact | DRINKING WATER: A
benzaldehyde conc of 0.03 ug/L was detected in the drinking
water taken from the Carrollton Water Treatment Plant in New Orleans, LA in
Aug 1974 .
Benzaldehyde was qualitatively detected in various drinking water samples
collected in
Philadelphia, PA between Feb 1975 and Jan 1977 . Benzaldehyde has been
detected (no concn
available) for drinking water samples from Poplarville, MS (Mar 2, 1979),
Cincinnati, OH (Oct
17, 1979, Jan 14, 1980), Miami, FL (Feb 3, 1976), New Orleans. LA (Jan 14,
1976), Philadelphia,
PA (Feb 10, 1976), and Ottumwa, IO (Sep 10, 1976) .
SURFACE WATERS: Benzaldehyde was detected in only one of 204 water
samples (concn > 1
ppb) collected from 14 heavily industrialized river basins in the US . Benzaldehyde
was
qualitatively detected in water samples taken from Lake Ontario . A benzaldehyde
concn of
0.03 ug/L was detected in samples of lake water collected from Lake Pontchartrain
(New
Orleans, LA) in Jan 1980 .
GROUND WATER: Benzaldehyde was detected (no concn reported) in 1 of 2963
ground water
wells that were monitored in 28 of California's 58 counties as of Apr 1984 . The
maximum conc
of benzaldehyde detected in CA ground water is reported to be 2.0 ug/l .
SEAWATER: Grab samples collected from coastal and open surface waters
contained
benzaldehyde levels of 0-15 ng/kg .
RAIN/SNOW: Benzaldehyde levels of 0-0.57 ug/ml (mean conc 0.05 ug/ml) have
been detected
in cloud water collected from Henninger Flats, CA ; levels of 0.08-0.19 ug/ml have
been
detected in ice fog water collected from Fairbanks, Alaska ; rain water collected in
Carson, CA
contained a benzaldehyde concn of 0.09 ug/ml .
EFFL: Benzaldehyde levels of 12-15 ppb were detected in wood smoke .
Benzaldehyde levels
of 0.002-0.102 g/kg wood have been detected in emissions from fireplaces burning
pine, cedar,
oak and ash wood . Emissions from gasoline powered automobiles were found to
contain
benzaldehyde concns of 0.7 to 19 mg/km traveled(3,4). Benzaldehyde concn in
exhausts from
engines burning simple hydrocarbons was <0.1-13.5 ppm . Flue gas emissions from
a waste
incinerator on a high-rise building in Norway had a benzaldehyde concn of 6 ug/cu
m(6).
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