| Use | INSECTICIDE, EG, FOR DECIDUOUS FRUITS,
NUTS, COTTON, & VEGETABLES;
ACARICIDE
Insecticide used to control the Colorado potato beetle, flea beetle, cabbageworm, peach tree
borer, and the tarnished plant bug. [R5]
CONTROLS APHIDS, THRIPS, BEETLES, FOLIAR FEEDING LARVAE, MITES, BORERS,
CUTWORMS, BOLLWORM, BUGS, WHITEFLIES, LEAFHOPPERS, & SLUGS ON
DECIDUOUS, CITRUS & SMALL FRUITS, VEGETABLES, FORAGE CROPS, OIL CROPS,
FIBER CROPS, GRAINS, TOBACCO, COFFEE, TEA, FOREST, ORNAMENTALS.
CONTROLS TERMITES & TSETSE FLY. FOREIGN APPLICATION ... FOR CONTROL OF
GREEN LEAFHOPPERS, STEM BORERS & WHORL MAGGOT IN LOWLAND RICE,
SHOOTFLY IN SORGHUM, POD BORERS IN LEGUMES ...
INSECTICIDE USED ON DECIDUOUS FRUITS/NUTS, 50%; INSECTICIDE USED
ON VEGETABLES, 50% (1982)
| Apparent Color | Brown crystals
|
|---|
| Odor | Similar to terpene
|
|---|
| Boiling Point | 106 DEG C @0.7 mm Hg (Dec)
|
|---|
| Melting Point | 106 DEG C
|
|---|
| Molecular Weight | 406.95
|
|---|
| Misc | CORROSIVITY: Corrosive to iron
DENSITY: 1.735 @ 20 DEG C
PH: pH 7.2 in tap water.
SOL: PRACTICALLY INSOL IN WATER; SOL IN MOST ORGANIC SOLVENTS ; SOL IN
XYLENE, KEROSENE, CHLOROFORM, ACETONE, & ALCOHOL ; 200 g/l in ethyl acetate
@ 20 deg C ; 200 g/l in dichloromethane @ 20 deg C ; 200 g/l in toluene @ 20 deg C ; 65 g/l in
ethanol @ 20 deg C ; 24 g/l in hexane @ 20 deg C
MP: 70-100 DEG C; STABLE TOWARD DIL MINERAL ACIDS; HYDROLYZED
RAPIDLY BY ALKALIES; COMMERCIAL PRODUCT IS A MIXTURE OF
ALPHA-ISOMER, MP: 108-110 DEG C, & BETA-ISOMER, MP: 208-210 DEG C
/TECHNICAL/
DECOMP IN PRESENCE OF ACIDS & ALKALIES TO FORM SULFUR DIOXIDE;
CORROSIVE TO IRON; ODOR OF HEXACHLOROCYCLOPENTADIENE & MAY HAVE
SLIGHT SULFUR DIOXIDE ODOR, TAN, SEMI-WAXY SOLID /TECHNICAL/
HYDROLYZES SLOWLY ON CONTACT WITH WATER
COLORLESS CRYSTALS /ALPHA-ISOMER/
Octanol/water partition coefficient: log Kow= 3.55 /alpha-Endosulfan/; log Kow= 3.62
/beta-Endosulfan/
Solubility at 22 deg C and a pH 7.2 in tap water; alpha-Endosulfan: 0.15 mg/l.
Solubility at 22 deg C and a pH 7.2 in tap water; beta-Endosulfan: 0.06 mg/l.
DOT: Health Hazards: Poisonous; may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may give off
poisonous gases and cause water pollution. Fire may produce irritating or poisonous gases.
Fire or Explosion: Some of these materials may burn, but none of them ignites readily. Container
may explode violently in heat of fire.
Emergency Action: Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay
upwind, out of low areas, and ventilate closed spaces before entering. Self-contained breathing
apparatus and chemical protective clothing which is specifically recommended by the shipper or
producer may be worn but they do not provide thermal protection unless it is stated by the
clothing manufacturer. Structural firefighter's protective clothing is not effective with these
materials. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. CALL CHEMTREC AT
1-800-424-9300 AS SOON AS POSSIBLE, especially if there is no local hazardous materials
team available.
Fire: Small Fires: Dry chemical, CO2, Halon, water spray or standard foam. Large Fires: Water
spray, fog or standard foam is recommended. Move container from fire area if you can do it
without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Stay away from ends of tanks. Dike fire control
water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Spill or Leak: Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water
spray to reduce vapors. Small Spills: Take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent
material and place into containers for later disposal. Small Dry Spills: With clean shovel place
material into clean, dry container and cover; move containers from spill area. Large Spills: Dike
far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
First Aid: Move victim to fresh air and call emergency medical care; if not breathing, give artificial
respiration; if breathing is difficult, give oxygen. In case of contact with material, immediately
flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes. Speed in removing material from
skin is of extreme importance. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes at the site.
Keep victim quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Effects may be delayed; keep victim
under observation.
If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of
surrounding fire. Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty. Use water in flooding
quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical. Cool all affected
containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Keep
run-off watter out of sewers and water sources. /Endosulfan mixture, other than liquid,
agricultural insecticides, not elsewhere specified/
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Endosulfan
mixture, other than liquid, agricultural insecticides not elsewhere specified/
If spilled on clothing and allowed to remain may cause smarting and reddening of skin.
EQUPMENT: During commercial or prolonged exposure, /wear/ clean clothing fastened at neck
and
wrists for dust protection, change clothing daily; /Wear/ synthetic rubber gloves, MSHA/NIOSH
approved mask or respirator. ...
Wear chemical protective gloves, boots, and goggles. /Endosulfan mixture, other than liquid,
agricultural insecticides, not elsewhere specified/
Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point
source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of
the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method
to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.
Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning
material. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Do not handle broken packages
without protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with
copious amounts of water or soap and water. If contact with the material anticipated, wear full
protective clothing. /Endosulfan mixture, other than liquid, agricultural insecticides, not elsewhere
specified/
Provide general ventilation plus local exhaust at point of potential fume emission. Protect
emulsifible concentrate from freezing.
Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no
direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance
to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the
decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. All contaminated
clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work
for cleaning.
STABLE TO SUNLIGHT
... COMPATIBLE WITH NON-ALKALINE PESTICIDES BUT SUBJECT TO SLOW
HYDROLYSIS TO THE DIOL & SULFUR DIOXIDE.
Endosulfan is stable to sunlight but is susceptible to oxidation and the formation of endosulfan
sulfate in the presence of growing vegetation. [R6]
SHIP: No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in
commerce unless that material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in
condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49
CFR 171-177)./ [R7]
STORAGE: Storage temperature greater than 20 deg F
CLEANUP: A PROCESS FOR REMOVING POLLUTANTS FROM DU PONT'S CHAMBERS
WORKS PLANT IN DEEPWATER, NJ IS DESCRIBED. THE PROCESS CALLS FOR THE
TREATMENT OF WASTES FROM ORG CHEM MFG PROCESSES BY
NEUTRALIZATION AND SETTLING, FOLLOWED BY A COMBINED POWDERED
CARBON-BIOL PROCESS. REMOVAL OF METALS AND NON-METALS FROM
WASTEWATER IS DESCRIBED. ENDOSULFAN ISOMERS ARE LISTED AS PRIORITY
POLLUTANTS. [R8]
Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain
liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas
should be contained with a flexible impermeable membrane liner./ Cover solids with plastic sheet
to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water /Endosulfan mixture, other than liquid,
agricultural insecticides, not elsewhere specified/
Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or
sand bag barrier to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, apply activated carbon at ten times the
spilled amount in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to
remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates or greater concentration. /Endosulfan
mixture, agricultural insecticides, other than liquid, not elsewhere specified/
DISPOSAL: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal
practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue
(including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on
acceptable disposal practices.
Potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration with a temperature range of 820-1600 deg C with a
residence time for liquids and gases: seconds; Solids: hours. [R9]
Group I Containers: Combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except
organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) should be disposed of in pesticide
incinerators or in specified landfill sites. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/ [R10]
Group II Containers: Non-combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides
(except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) must first be triple-rinsed.
Containers that are in good condition may be returned to the manufacturer or formulator of the
pesticide product, or to a drum reconditioner for reuse with the same type of pesticide product, if
such reuse is legal under Department of Transportation regulations (eg 49 CFR 173.28).
Containers that are not to be reused should be punctured ... and transported to a scrap metal
facility for recycling, disposal or burial in a designated landfill. /Organic or metallo-organic
pesticides/ [R11]
Endosulfan is a sulfur-containing cmpd and unlike most of the hexachlorocyclopentadiene family,
sensitive to moisture, bases, and acids. It is slowly hydrolyzed to give sulflur dioxide and the
corresponding diol C7Cl6(CH2OH)2. Endosulfan is said to give calcium sulfate with lime.
Endosulfan is stable in sunlight. A recommended method for disposal is burial 0.5 m deep in
noncrop land away from water supplies, but bags can be burned. Recommendable methods:
Alkaline hydrolysis, landfill & incineration. Peer-review: Large amt should be incinerated @ high
temp in a unit with effluent gas scrubbing. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert
consultation (May 1985))
Consider the points of attack /CNS, liver, kidneys, skin/ in preplacement and periodic
physical exam.
SYSTEMIC POISONING CAUSES NERVOUSNESS, AGITATION, TREMORS, &
CONVULSIONS.
A 70 YR OLD WOMAN DIED ABOUT 3 HR AFTER SHE HAD TAKEN ONLY "DROPS"
OF AN ENDOSULFAN FORMULATION FOR STOMACH PAINS ... THE CLINICAL
PICTURE ... INVOLVED GAGGING, VOMITING, DIARRHEA, AGITATION, TONIC
CLONIC CONVULSIONS, FOAMING AT THE MOUTH, DYSPNEA, APNEA, CYANOSIS,
& LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS.
NINE WORKERS SUFFERED ONE OR MORE CONVULSIONS FOLLOWING EXPOSURE
TO ENDOSULFAN MAINLY IN CONNECTION WITH BAGGING 50% WATER
WETTABLE POWDER. FIVE OF THE MEN WERE SAID TO HAVE USED A
RESPIRATOR & PROTECTIVE CLOTHING; TWO DID NOT USE A RESPIRATOR, &
THE
PRACTICES OF THE OTHERS WERE UNKNOWN. SIX OF THE MEN HAD NO HISTORY
OF A PREVIOUS SEIZURE, & NO HISTORY OF ANY SORT WAS AVAILABLE FOR THE
OTHERS. IN THE ONLY THREE OF THESE CASES DESCRIBED ... PRODROMAL
SYMPTOMS (MALAISE, VOMITING, DIZZINESS, WEAKNESS, OR CONFUSION)
BEGAN WHILE THE MAN WAS AT WORK & SEVERAL HR BEFORE THE FIRST
SEIZURE, WHICH SOMETIMES OCCURRED AT HOME OR ON THE STREET. AT
LEAST IN ONE INSTANCE, A CONVULSION WAS FOLLOWED BY
UNCONSCIOUSNESS LASTING AN HR; THE SEIZURE WAS SO VIOLENT, THAT IT
RESULTED IN FRACTURES OF THE FOURTH & FIFTH DORSAL VERTEBRAE. ONE
PATIENT REMAINED CONFUSED FOR ABOUT 24 HR & THEN RECOVERED
RAPIDLY.
/IN/ THREE CASES ... ASSOCIATED WITH FILLING BAGS WITH FRESHLY GROUND
ENDOSULFAN POWDER ... THE OUTSTANDING PRODROMAL SYMPTOM WAS
HEADACHE, & THE INITIAL SIGN WAS FAINTING. THE FAINTING WAS
ASSOCIATED WITH OR FOLLOWED BY EPILEPTOID TWITCHING & FOAM AT THE
MOUTH. ONE MAN BIT HIS TONGUE, BUT APPARENTLY A FULL CONVULSION DID
NOT DEVELOP. EEG CHANGES THAT PROMPTLY REVERTED TO NORMAL
ACCOMPANIED THE ILLNESS.
A MAN WAS EMPLOYED BY A CHEMICAL PLANT WHERE HIS MAIN ASSIGNMENT
WAS CLEANING VATS CONTAINING RESIDUES OF ENDOSULFAN. ... HE FAINTED
SEVERAL TIMES ... CONVULSION /NOTED/ DURING SLEEP. HIS CONSCIOUSNESS
WAS CLOUDED BUT VITAL SIGNS NORMAL. THE PATIENT RECEIVED DIAZEPAM &
APPEARED TO RECOVER RAPIDLY ... AT HOME HIS FAMILY FOUND HIM
DISORIENTED & OCCASIONALLY AGITATED OR ABUSIVE. THE AGITATION WAS
ESSENTIALLY ELIMINATED BY PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS, BUT /HE/ ...
COULD NOT CONVERSE EXCEPT FOR ANSWERING SIMPLE QUESTIONS. ... HE WAS
OCCASIONALLY INCONTINENT OF URINE.
HUMAN LYMPHOID CELLS OF LAZ-007 CELL LINE, INCUBATED WITH 1X10-4 TO
1X10-6 MOLAR OF 8 DIFFERENT ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES HAD DOSE
RELATED CYTOTOXICITY, MITOTIC DEPRESSION AND CELL CYCLE TRAVERSE
INHIBITION. THE FREQUENCY OF M3 METAPHASES IN CULTURES INCUBATED
WITH 1X10-6 MOLAR CONCN WERE 15% FOR ENDOSULFAN COMPARED TO 17% IN
CONTROL CULTURES. STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT INCR IN SISTER CHROMATID
EXCHANGE FREQUENCY WAS SEEN IN CELLS EXPOSED TO ENDOSULFAN. [R12]
SYMPTOMATOLOGY: (Onset of symptoms between 20 min and 12 hr after ingestion): 1.
Malaise, headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and tremors. 2. Clonic and tonic convulsions,
sometimes without premonitory symptoms. 3. Convulsive episodes may alternate with periods of
severe central nervous depression. Death from respiratory arrest may occur during coma, which
commonly outlasts the convulsive phase and may persist for a few days. 4. During the acute
phase, leukocytosis, rise in blood pressure, tachycardia, arrhythmias, metabolic acidosis, and fever
have been described; Presumably they represent the consequences of hyperactivity of the
sympathetic nervous system. 5. Disturbances of sleep, memory and behavior may persist for
several days or weeks after the acute phase of ... poisoning. 6. Generalized cerebral dysrhythmia
persisting for months, and both hematuria and albuminuria of about 2 weeks duration have been
described in one aldrin poisoning in man. Transient hematuria occurred on the second day of an
acute dieldrin poisoning. /Dieldrin/
IN ITS ACUTE TOXIC ACTION ENDOSULFAN IS SIMILAR TO DIELDRIN BUT
POSSIBLY LESS TOXIC THAN ENDRIN.
AS DUST ... IS PROBABLY ONLY MODERATELY TOXIC BY INHALATION, BUT IN
SOLN, ESP IN ALCOHOL OR AROMATIC SOLVENTS LIKE XYLENE, IT IS
CONSIDERED TOXIC BY INGESTION & BY PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION ... .
STOMACH, SMALL INTESTINE CONTENTS, BLOOD, LIVER, KIDNEY & URINE OF A
28 YR OLD MAN, WERE ANALYZED FOR RESIDUES OF ENDOSULFAN. THE
ANALYSIS RESULTS SHOWED THE PRESENCE OF HIGH CONCN OF THE TWO
ENDOSULFAN ISOMERS IN ALL SAMPLES. SINCE ALCOHOL WAS ALSO PRESENT
IN ALL THE TISSUES ANALYZED, IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE VICTIM DIED OF
A COMBINED ENDOSULFAN-ALCOHOL POISONING. [R13]
... DOGS SHOWED SIGNS OF CMPD EFFECT AT 200 & 500 MG/KG /ACUTE
ORAL/. LEVELS INCLUDE SALIVATION, EMESIS & GENERALIZED TONIC & CLONIC
CONVULSIONS. DOGS WHICH VOMITED RECOVERED. NO CONSISTENT CMPD
RELATED RESPONSES WERE SEEN AT ANY OF THE LOWER LEVELS.
CHRONIC /EXPOSURE/ ... ORAL RAT UP TO 30 PPM /IN THE DIET/ FOR 2 YR NO
SYMPTOMS.
ABOUT 8 G OF ENDOSULFAN KILLED CATTLE WITHIN 15 HR. A DOSE OF 8 MG/KG
DAILY FOR 2 DAYS PRODUCED SYMPTOMS OF POISONING IN SHEEP. CATTLE
ACCIDENTALLY SPRAYED WITH 0.1% EMULSION ... SHOWED LISTLESSNESS,
STAGGERING, HYPEREXCITABILITY, EXAGGERATED GAIT & CONVULSIONS, 20%
OF THE AFFECTED ANIMALS DYING. IN SOME CASES THERE WAS A 48 HR DELAY
BEFORE ONSET OF SIGNS.
ACUTE /ORAL/ SYMPTOMS /FOR MALE MALLARDS 3-4 MONTHS OLD/: ... HIGH
CARRIAGE, WINGS CROSSED HIGH OVER BACK, TAIL POINTED DOWN ...
TREMORS (POSSIBLY SHIVERING) ... FALLING ... SYMPTOMS OCCURRED AS SOON
AS 10 MIN AFTER TREATMENT & PERSISTED UP TO A MONTH IN A FEW ANIMALS.
ENDOSULFAN WAS ADMIN ORALLY TO MALE ALBINO RATS AT 0, 11, 22, 36, OR 55
MG/KG DAILY FOR 5 DAYS. THE HIGHEST DOSES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH
CLINICAL SIGNS OF INSECTICIDE POISONING & DEATH. CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS
OF BONE MARROW CELLS & SPERMATOGONIAL CELLS DID NOT REVEAL ANY
SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON CHROMOSOMES. THE MITOTIC INDEX & FREQUENCY OF
CHROMATID BREAK IN THE TWO CELL TYPES HAD NO CORRELATION WITH THE
DOSES TESTED & WERE NOT DIFFERENT FROM THOSE OF THE CONTROL GROUP.
[R14]
A SUDDEN FISH KILL IN THE UITHOORNSE POLDER WAS ATTRIBUTED TO A
DISCHARGE OF ENDOSULFAN INTO THE WATER. THE ENDOSULFAN CONTENT IN
THE WATER FELL FROM 30.9 TO 0.01-6.5 UG/L IN 4 DAYS OWING TO ABSORPTION
ONTO MUD. THE ENDOSULFAN CONTENT OF THE DEAD FISH WAS GREATER
THAN 200 MG/KG ON A FAT BASIS. [R15]
ENDOSULFAN INTERFERES WITH ENERGY METABOLISM IN VIVO OF THE FRESH
WATER TELEOST FISH, CHANA GACHUA, FOLLOWING CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO
VARIOUS SUBLETHAL CONCENTRATIONS. THE MARKED SENSITIVITY OF
MITOCHONDRIAL MAGNESIUM(2+) ATPASE TO ENDOSULFAN IS SUGGESTIVE OF
THE POTENTIAL FOR ENDOSULFAN TO INTERFERE MARKEDLY WITH VARIOUS
ENERGY REQUIRING PROCESSES IN THE FISH BODY. [R16]
... GIVEN ORALLY ON DAYS 6 THROUGH 14 IN DOSES OF 5 & 10 MG/KG TO RATS ...
NO SOFT TISSUE DEFECTS WERE FOUND. SOME DELAYED OSSIFICATION
OCCURRED WITH TREATMENT.
... ATAXIA ... /WHICH/ PROGRESSED TO COMPLETE INABILITY TO STAND BUT
NEVER INVOLVED OBSERVED CONVULSIONS WAS REPORTED IN PIGS & LAMBS
THAT GRAZED IN A FIELD THAT HAD BEEN SPRAYED WITH ENDOSULFAN. ...
BLINDNESS ... WAS OBSERVED IN SHEEP ... ONSET OF BLINDNESS WAS DELAYED
1 WK AFTER FIRST EXPOSURE TO PASTURE SPRAYED WITH ENDOSULFAN; SOME
RECOVERY WAS NOTED AFTER AN ADDITIONAL 2 WK, WITH FULL RECOVERY AT
THE END OF THE MONTH.
TECHNICAL GRADE ENDOSULFAN WAS ADMIN IN THE FEED: 952 AND 408 PPM
FOR 50 MALE RATS, 445 AND 223 PPM FOR 50 FEMALE RATS, 6.9 AND 3.5 PPM FOR
50 MALE MICE, & 3.9 AND 2.0 PPM FOR 50 FEMALE MICE. THE CMPD WAS ADMIN
FOR 74 WK (HIGH DOSE MALE RATS), 82 WK (LOW DOSE MALE RATS), OR 78 WK
(FEMALE RATS & ALL MICE). AFTER AN ADDNL OBSERVATION PERIOD OF 33 WK
(FEMALE RATS) OR 14 WK (MICE), THE ANIMALS WERE SACRIFICED.
CARCINOGENICITY COULD NOT BE EVALUATED IN MALE RATS & MICE BECAUSE
OF THE HIGH MORTALITY RATE EARLY IN THE STUDY. ENDOSULFAN WAS NOT
CARCINOGENIC IN FEMALE RATS OR MICE UNDER CONDITIONS OF THE
BIOASSAY. [R17]
THE MUTAGENICITIES OF VARIOUS PESTICIDES WERE TESTED IN MICE VIA THE
MICRONUCLEUS TEST WITH 1/3 LD50 DOSES OF EACH CMPD. WHEN MICE WERE
ADMIN ENDOSULFAN (43.3 MG/KG) IN STERILE DISTILLED WATER IN 2 DOSES
SEPARATED BY A 24 HR INTERVAL, NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE FREQUENCY
OF MICRONUCLEI OCCURRED. [R18]
THE PORPHYRINOGENIC ABILITY OF 4 PESTICIDES WAS INVESTIGATED IN 17
DAY OLD CHICK EMBRYO LIVER IN OVO. ENDOSULFAN PROMOTED
REMARKABLE INCR IN HEPATIC PORPHYRIN ACCUMULATION. WHEN
DELTA-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID SYNTHETASE ACTIVITY WAS ANALYZED IN THE
CHICK EMBRYOS NO ALTERATION COULD BE FOUND IN SPITE OF PRODUCING
NOTICEABLE ACCUM OF PORPHYRINS. [R19]
THE RELATIVE TOXICITY /SRP: LC50 IN A CONTINUOUS-FLOW SYSTEM/ OF TECH
ENDOSULFAN, ITS ISOMERS ENDOSULFAN A AND B, AND 2 FORMULATED
PRODUCTS (35% EC AND 4% DUST) TO LABEO ROHITA DECR IN THE ORDER:
ENDOSULFAN A GREATER THAN EC GREATER THAN ENDOSULFAN GREATER
THAN DUST GREATER THAN ENDOSUFAN B IN A 96 HR EXPOSURE. ENDOSULFAN
A WAS APPROX 20 TIMES MORE TOXIC THAN ENDOSULFAN B. /ENDOSULFAN A
AND B/ [R20]
ENDOSULFAN WAS TESTED FOR ITS ABILITY TO INDUCE MUTATION, MITOTIC
CROSSING OVER, AND GENE CONVERSION IN THE YEAST SACCHAROMYCES
CEREVISIAE. TREATMENT OF CELLS WITH 1.0% DID NOT INDUCE MITOTIC
CROSSOVERS BUT REDUCED SURVIVAL AND INCR THE % OF ABERRANT
COLONIES AS WELL AS THE FREQUENCY OF GENE CONVERTANTS AND
REVERTANTS OVER CONTROLS TREATED WITH 10% ACETONE. ENDOSULFAN
WAS NOT ONLY TOXIC TO YEAST CELLS BUT ALSO GENETICALLY EFFECTIVE
WITHOUT ACTIVATION. THE GENOTOXIC EFFECTS WERE MORE PRONOUNCED
WITH INCR DURATION OF CELL EXPOSURE. [R21]
228 PESTICIDES INCL ENDOSULFAN WERE TESTED FOR MUTAGENICITY IN
BACTERIAL REVERSION-ASSAY SYSTEMS WITH 5 STRAINS (TA100, TA98, TA1535,
TA1537 AND TA1538) OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM AND A STRAIN (WP2 HCR)
OF ESCHERICHIA COLI. ENDOSULFAN TESTED NEGATIVE IN EACH SYSTEM. [R22]
... Concentrations of 0.035 to 0.14% were phytotoxic to all but one species of Cucurbitae.
Phytotoxicity was estimated by necrotic spots on the leaves. [R23]
Endosulfan reduced the germination of cucumber pollen to 54.6% of control levels at a concn of
1000 mg active ingredient/l, half of the recommended concn for field use. At the same concn
pollen tube length was 8.1% of controls. [R24]
... Exposure of germinating Cicerarietinum seeds to endosulfan resulted in a fall in pectin,
hemicellulose, and cellulose contents of cell walls at all stages of germination compared with
untreated controls. [R25]
Vingna radiata (green gram) was exposed to four concentrations of endosulfan between 0.35 g/kg
and 3 g/kg. Toxic effects were dose dependent. At 0.35 g/kg and 0.7 g/kg, no adverse effects
were observed in any of the parameters studied. ... At higher concentrations of 1.5 g/kg and 3
g/kg, symptoms of toxicity ... included coiling of radical, inhibition of root growth, stunting of
shoots, burning of root growth, and burning of the tips and margins of the leaves. Plants were
dwarfed and chlorotic, having damaged pollen grains and low productivity. [R26]
The harbor seal population in the Dutch Wadden Sea decreased significantly and its pup
production was low compared to the more stable population in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, and
a correlation was made associating an assumed inverse trend of contaminant residue levels in seal
tissues. Dead stranded animals are collected in both areas and blubber, liver, brain and kidney are
analyzed for ... endosulfan. ... High levels of all contaminants /including endosulfan were found/.
[R27]
Eight insecticides were identified from 43 samples of honey bees (Apis mellifera) obtained from
35 beekeepers in 1981 and 1982. A total of 268 colonies were documented to have been
contaminated from May through early October. Insecticides detected in honey bees included
endosulfan, chlordane, malathion, diazinon, and acephate. [R28]
Two studies have been undertaken on the toxicity and carcinogenicity of endosulfan, a chlorinated
cyclodiene - the NCI Endosulfan Rat Study and the NCI Endosulfan Mouse Study. Histological
sections have been examined and the results of this review are based on diagnosis. Endosulfan is
highly toxic for male and female Osborne-Mendel rats, particularly for male rats. The chemical
causes interstitial fibrosis or acute tubular necrosis of the kidney and death. These lesions, as well
as atrophy of the testes, polyarteritis, parathyroid hyperplasia, osteitis fibrosis of bone, and
abscesses of the lung, interfere with health of the animals. [R29]
FORTY-EIGHT HR LC50 VALUES FOR ENDOSULFAN & ITS METABOLITES,
INCLUDING ENDOSULFAN SULFATE, WERE DETERMINED IN 11 MARINE FISH,
INSECTS, MOLLUSKS, CRUSTACEANS, & TUBIFEX TUBIFEX. THE ESPECIALLY
HIGH TOXICITY TO FISH WAS DECREASED BY METABOLIC REMOVAL OF SULFUR
FROM THE MOLECULE TO A LEVEL IN THE SAME RANGE AS FOR THE
INVERTEBRATES (LC50 1-10 PPM). [R30]
Fish were 1x10+4 times more sensitive to endosulfan and its metabolites than worms and snails.
The increasing order of sensitivity was worms 30% of the applied C-14 labeled
endosulfan(2). Endosulfate was the major metabolite formed by the fungi, and endodiol was the
predominant product of bacteria(2). Only a small amount of C-14 labeled carbon dioxide was
detected, indicating minimal mineralization(2). Controls showed that chemical hydrolysis was only
significant in a limited number of cultures. [R72]
Half-life values for alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan exposed to mixed cultures from a sandy
loam soil incubated at 20 deg C were 1.1 and 2.2 weeks(1). The contribution of hydrolysis to this
result was not determined(1). Interconversion of alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan was
observed and the metabolic pathway was determined to proceed through the endosulfan sulfate,
endosulfan diol, endosulfan alpha-hydroxyether and finally to endosulfan lactone(1). [R73]
Under anaerobic conditions, endosulfan sulfate was the major product (11-22%), with some
endodiol (2.9%) and endolactone (1.9%). In flooded samples, the products were endosulfan
sulfate (3.0-8.2%), endodiol (2.3-18.4%) and endohydroxyether (1.8-4.3%). The incubation
temperature was not given(1). [R74]
THE PHOTOLYSIS OF ENDOSULFAN WAS EXAM UNDER DIFFERENT
CONDITIONS. TWO NEW PHOTOMETABOLITES, PHOTO-ALPHA-ENDOSULFAN AND
PHOTO-BETA-ENDOSULFAN WERE ISOLATED FROM ALPHA- AND
BETA-ENDOSULFAN, RESPECTIVELY. IRRADIATION IN POLAR SOLVENTS GIVES
METABOLITES FORMED UNDER BIOTIC CONDITIONS. WHEN EXPOSED TO
SUNLIGHT ON PLANT LEAVES, ALPHA-ENDOSULFAN NOT ONLY FORMS THE
PHOTOMETABOLITE BUT ALSO UNDERGOES ISOMERIZATION TO THE
BETA-ISOMER. THE BETA-ISOMER IS RELATIVELY MORE STABLE. [R75]
The following experiments were conducted in the presence of oxygen to measure the rate of
oxidation and hydrolysis, and anaerobically, to measure the rate of hydrolysis alone(1). At 20 deg
C, hydrolysis rate constants of 19.6X10-3 and 18.5X10-3 l/day at pH 7 and 4.6X10-3 and
3.7X10-3 l/day at pH 5.5 were measured for alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan,
respectively(1). Hydrolysis half-lives of 35.4 and 37.5 days for alpha-endosulfan and
beta-endosulfan at pH 7 and 150.6 and 187.3 days for alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan at
pH 5.5 were calulated from these rate constants(SRC). In the presence of ferric hydroxide, a
higher rate of hydrolysis was observed at pH 7 and 20 deg C. In a solution of ferric hydroxide, the
rate constants of alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan were 5.73X10-2 and 4.48X10-2 l/day,
respectively(1). Hydrolysis half-lives of 12.1 and 15.5 days were calculated from these rate
constants for alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan, respectively(SRC). Hydrolysis was facilitated
by the adsorption of the isomers onto ferric hydroxide gel. Observed rate constants were
8.27X10-2 and 7.37X10-2 l/day for alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan, respectively(1).
Hydrolysis half-lives of 8.4 and 9.4 days were calculated from these values for alpha-endosulfan
and beta-endosulfan, respectively(SRC). The rates of oxidation of alpha-endosulfan and
beta-endosulfan were measured at 20 deg C(1). At pH 7, oxidation rate constants for
alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan were 10.4X10-3 and 9.7X10-3 l/day, respectively(1). At
pH 5.5, the rate constants were 8.3X10-3 and 9.9X10-3 l/day for alpha-endosulfan and
beta-endosulfan, respctively(1). Half-life values of 66.6 and 71.4 days at pH 7 and 83.5 and 70
days at pH 5.5 were calculated for alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan, respectively(SRC).
After exposure to a pH 7.5 solution for 21 and 130 days, approximately 50% and 70% of the
initial amount of alpha-endosulfan and approximately 65% and 70% of the initial beta-endosulfan
had degraded, respectively(2). The pH dependence experiments were conducted at 19-21 deg C.
At 20 deg C, half-life values for alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan in a sterile, mineral salts
medium with a pH of 6.5 were 12.5 and 5.7 weeks, respectively(3). Irradiation at > 300 nm of a
hexane solution of alpha-endosulfan and a dioxane-water solution of beta-endosulfan resulted in
partial dechlorination of the isomers(4,5). Irradiation of a thin film of alpha-endosulfan and
beta-endosulfan using germicidal lamps (254 nm) produced mainly endosulfandiol(6). The
alpha-hydroxy ether, lactone and ether of endosulfan were produced in lesser amounts(6). [R76]
Persistence in river water in a sealed glass jar under sunlight and artificial fluorescent light initial
concentration: 10 ug/l; after 1 hr: 100%; 1 wk: 30%; 2 wk: 5%; 4 wk: 0%; 8 wk: 0%.
THE /ENDOSULFAN/ ALPHA AND BETA ISOMERS ARE RAPIDLY OXIDIZED BY
PEROXIDES OR PERMANGANATE TO ENDOSULFAN SULFATE MP 181 DEG C.
/ALPHA AND BETA-ISOMERS/
THE /ENDOSULFAN/ ALPHA AND BETA-ISOMERS ARE SLOWLY CONVERTED TO
THE MORE STABLE BETA-FORM AT HIGH TEMPERATURES AND BOTH ISOMERS
ARE SLOWLY OXIDIZED IN AIR AND IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS.
After 96 hr, combined residues of alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan and their
metabolite, endosulfan sulfate, had concentrated by 81-245X, 1046-1,299X, 620-895X and
1000-1344X in grass shrimp, pinfish, spot, and striped mullet, respectively(1). After 28 days, the
combined residues had concentrated 2249X and 2755X in edible tissues and whole fish,
respectively(1). Mean endosulfan residues in two species of mussels exposed to the chemical for
36 days were 2.75X and 2.85X the level in water(2). Prior to 36 days, no beta-endosulfan was
detected. The authors suggested this was due to the differential uptake of the isomers. Endosulfan
accumulated 600X in the Pelecypod, Mytilus edulis after 50 hr(3). From these results,
bioconcentration of alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan and the metabolite endosulfan sulfate may
be somewhat significant in aqueous species(SRC). [R77]
KOC: After 60 days at 45 deg C, alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan did not leach below 17
cm in Gezira soil from the Sudan(1). From 0-64% and 5-82% of applied alpha-endosulfan and
beta-endosulfan, respectively, were recovered from a variety of soils ranging from clays to sands
upon elution with up to 1600 ml of water(2). The higher recoveries were associated with the
sands. The results indicated that the higher the organic content of the soils, the greater the
resistance to leaching(2). A higher percentage of beta-endosulfan than alpha-endosulfan was
recoverable from the soils in general(2). Using a measured octanol/water partition coefficient of
3.83(3), a log soil-sorption coefficient (Koc) of 3.46 was estimated for alpha-endosulfan(4,SRC).
A Koc of this magnitude suggests that alpha-endosulfan will be relatively immobile in soil(5) and
little migration of alpha-endosulfan to groundwater is expected(SRC). Using a measured water
solubility of 0.45 mg/l for beta-endosulfan(6), a Koc of 3.83 was estimated(4,SRC). As above,
this suggests that beta-endosulfan will be relatively immobile in soil(SRC). [R78]
The alpha-Endosulfan isomer disappears more rapidly from soil than beta-endosulfan (ie, the
relative quantity of the beta-isomer increases dramatically after prolonged weathering).
Endosulfan residues in soil nearly one year after the last foliar application at 0.67-0.84 kg/ha
contained less than 0.05 mg/kg (soil) of the alpha-isomer but up to 0.22 mg/kg (soil) of the
beta-isomer. Residues of endosulfan sulfate, ... were as high as 1.06 mg/kg (soil). Under some
conditions, the amount of endosulfan sulfate formed was approximately equal to the amount of
alpha and beta-isomers lost. The sulfate is reported to remain in the soil for a number of seasons.
[R79]
Using a measured water solubility of 0.51 mg/l(1) and a vapor pressure of 1.3X10-8
atm(2) for alpha-endosulfan, the volatilization half-lives of the compound from model streams,
rivers and lakes were estimated. The estimated Henry's Law constant is 1.04X10-5 atm cu
m/mol(3,SRC). The lakes were assumed to be 50 m deep and the rivers and streams 1 m deep.
The wind velocity was assumed to be 3 m/s and the current velocities of the streams, rivers and
lakes were assumed to be 2, 1 and 0.01 m/s, respectively. The half-lives for streams, rivers and
lakes were estimated to be 5.7, 7.2 and 304 days, respectively(2,SRC). Using a measured water
solubility of 0.45 mg/l(1) and a vapor pressure of 1.3X10-8 atm (2) for beta-endosulfan and the
same parameters listed above, volatilization half-lives for streams, rivers and lakes were estimated
to be 5.0, 6.4 and 303 days, respectively(3,SRC). The estimated Henry's Law constant for
beta-endosulfan is 1.18X10-5 atm cu m/mol(3,SRC). It should be noted that these half-life values
apply strictly to the dissolved isomers of endosulfan. Any process which would limit the free
solubility of the compounds, such as adsorption to sediments and biota, will increase the
half-lives. No information regarding the volatilization of the endosulfan isomers from the soil were
available. Due to the high measured and estimated soil-sorption coefficients of the isomers,
however, little volatilization from soil is expected(SRC). [R80]
SURFACE WATER: A SURVEY OF 11 AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS
LOCATED IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO REVEALED THAT 81 PESTICIDES WERE
APPLIED ON FARMS AND RIGHTS-OF-WAY DURING 1975. BETWEEN MAY
1975-APRIL 1977, STREAM WATER DRAINING THE 11 WATERSHEDS WAS
ANALYZED FOR 61 PARENT PESTICIDAL CMPD (PLUS 4 ISOMERS), 13
METABOLITES AND 2 INDUST ORG POLLUTANTS. ONLY ATRAZINE, ENDOSULFAN
AND SIMAZINE PERSISTED LONG ENOUGH TO APPEAR IN WATER THROUGHOUT
THE YR. FIVE OF THE CHEM EXCEEDED THE WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
ESTABLISHED BY THE INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION FOR LAKE AND
STREAM WATERS ENTERING THE GREAT LAKES. THESE 5 INCL ENDOSULFAN IN
14% OF THE WATER SAMPLES. [R69]
SURFACE WATER: Federal Republic of Germany - April 1970-June 1971, 10-100 ng/l
alpha-endosulfan, 20-95 ng/l beta-endosulfan(1). Lower Niagara River - 0.1 ng/l avg for both
alpha-endosulfan, 13% pos, and beta-endosulfan, 15% pos(2). Rhine River - < 0.01 ug/l for both
alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan(3). Meuse River (Holland)-Alpha-endosulfan, 0.09, 0.03
and 0.01 ppb in 1969, 1970 and 1973, respectively(4). Rhine River- alpha-endosulfan, 0.81
(1969), 0.40 (1970), 0.25 (1971), 0.03 (1972), 0.10 (1973), 0.02 (1974), 0.02 (1975), and 0.03
(1976) ppb(4). Rhine River - beta-endosulfan, 0.24 and 0.03 ppb in 1969 and 1970,
respectively(4). The detection limit in these studies was 0.01 ppb(4). Gila river (Arizona) - 1970,
0.02 ppb unspecified as to isomer(5). The mean alpha-endosulfan concentration in raw water
extracts of samples taken from various water treatment plants in Pennsylvania and West Virginia
ranged from 0.1-0.6 ppb and maximum concentrations from 0.1-0.9(6). Ohio River - 9-24.5%
pos, < 0.1-0.2 ppb unspecified as to isomer(7). Four of 106 samples were greater than or equal to
0.1 ppb. Ohio River tributaries - 16.7-44.4% pos, < 0.1-0.9 ppb unspecified as to isomer(7).
Rhine River - 0.02-0.33, alpha-endosulfan, 0.2-0.19 ppb beta-endosulfan(8). The concentrations
increased the deeper the samples and the greater the amount of silt present(8). Niagara River -
surface microlayer, ND-0.0204 ppb, alpha-endosulfan(9). In May 1980, alpha-endosulfan was
detected in Inner Harbor Navigation Canal water at Lake Pontchartrain, New Orleans, LA at an
average concn of 0.8 ng/l for 8 samples at ebb tide and at concn of 3.0 and 0.9 ng/l for individual
samples at flood tide(10). Endosulfan was detected in 1 of 4 samples at a concn of 0.1 ug/l for
Swedish stream waters in Apr 1985-7(11). Of 1400 surface water samples taken across W.
Canada in 1973, beta-endosulfan was detected once in the Souris River, Manitoba at a concn of
0.011 ug/L(12). In 1981-85, water from the Grand River, Ontario, Canada contained endosulfan
in 5 samples for 4.8% of the total with an average concn of 0.009 ug/l(13). In 1981-85, water
from the Grand River, Ontario, Canada contained endosulfan in 9 samples for 4.5% of the total
with an average concn of 0.018 ug/l(13). [R81]
DRINKING WATER: Endosulfan was found at 0.04 ug/l in drinking water from an unspecified
source(1). Twenty-four of 154 finished water extracts contained unspecified amounts of
alpha-endosulfan(2). [R82]
GROUNDWATER: Samples of well water from sites in California contained alpha-endosulfan
and beta-endosulfan, but no quantitative data were presented(1). [R83]
RAIN/SNOW: Samples of unspecified precipitation collected in the Great Lakes ecosystem
contained alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan concentrations of 1-10 and 1-12 parts per trillion,
respectively, and mean concentrations of 2 and 3 parts per trillion, respectively(1). The
concentration of alpha-endosulfan in precipitation from Canada ranged from 0.001-0.116 ppb and
that of beta-endosulfan from 0.001-0.031 ppb(2). Mean concentrations of alpha-endosulfan and
beta-endosulfan were 3.8 and 12.0 parts per trillion in 16 samples from Lake Ontario, 1.6 and 2.0
parts per trillion in 7 samples from Lake Erie, 0.1-2.1 in 13 samples from the Georgian Bay of
Lake Huron and 0.2 and 1.0 parts per trillion in Lake Superior, respectively(3). The mean
concentration of beta-endosulfan in snow from eastern and central Ontario was 0.1 parts per
trillion. The detection limit of alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan was 1 parts per trillion(3),
however, mean concentrations less than this are suspect(SRC). Concentrations of
alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan in rain/snow samples collected in rural and urban areas
were 1-10 parts per trillion. The median alpha-endosulfan in the rural samples was 2 parts per
trillion and the median beta-endosulfan concentration in rural and urban samples were 3 and 2-5
parts per trillion, respectively(4). [R84]
EFFL: Industrial effluents contained a median technical endosulfan concentration of 0.010 ppb,
and 14 of 44 samples (31.8%) were positive. The median alpha-endosulfan concentration was <
0.010 ppb with 10 of the 628 samples (1.6%) pos and the median beta-endosulfan concentration
was < 0.010 ppb and 6.3 of 630 samples (1.0%) were pos(1). These values are from the STORET
database. Endosulfan residues in treated wastewater effluents from a variety of industries were as
follows(2): For alpha-endosulfan, aluminum forming - 17 samples, 29.4% pos, 0.01-28 ppb, 6.2
avg; foundries - 2 samples, 100% pos, 5 ppb avg; nonferrous metals manufacturing - not
detected-0.6 ppb, 0.2 ppb avg(2). For beta-endosulfan, foundries - 7 samples, 100% pos, 5 ppb
avg; nonferrous metals manufacturing - not detected-0.2 ppb, 0.1 ppb avg; paint and ink
formulation - 10 ppb max(2). URBAN RUNOFF: Samples of urban runoff from Washington, DC
and Bellevue, WA contained from 0.1-0.2 ppb alpha-endosulfan(4). AGRICULTURAL
RUNOFF: Concentrations of unspecified isomers of endosulfan in soil, water and silted water
associated with runoff ranged from not detected-7.35 ppm, not detected-22.5 ppm, and not
detected-132.5 ppm, respectively in 1968(3). The samples were taken in Presque Isle, ME(5).
Runoff samples from Presque Isle, ME contained from trace-19 ppb endosulfan (isomer
unspecified)(6). Water samples from 11 agricultural watersheds in Ontario were 20% pos for
endosulfan (unspecified isomer) with a mean concentration of 3.7 parts per trillion and a
maximum concentration of 173 parts per trillion in 1975-76(6). In 1976-77, the samples were
18.5% pos, with a mean concentration of 2.0 parts per trillion and a maximum concentration of
52 parts per trillion(7). [R85]
SEDIMENTS: Lower Niagara River - suspended sediments, alpha-endosulfan, 36% pos,
4 ng/g avg, beta-endosulfan, 4% pos, < 1 ng/g avg(1). Suspended solids from surface waters in
the Federal Republic of Germany - suspended solids, 22-24 ng/l alpha-endosulfan, 9.6 ng/l
beta-endosulfan(2). Bed load (detritus and sediment) and bottom material samples collected from
Big Creek in Ontario in 1973 contained < 1-3 and < 0.1-0.7 ppb endosulfan, respectively(3).
Yawgoo Pond (Rhode Island) - suspended sediments, 5 ppb endosulfan(4). Rhine River - bottom
mud, 0.24-0.33 ppb alpha-endosulfan, 0.21-0.33 ppb beta-endosulfan(5). Sheridan Creek (Ontario
Canada) - suspended sediments, 15 ppm endosulfan(6). Niagara River - not detected-0.025 ppm
alpha-endosulfan and not detected-0.021 ppm beta-endosulfan(7). SOIL: Samples of soil
collected from areas in which endosulfan was regularly used contained 0.01-4.63 ppm endosulfan
unspecified as to isomer and from 9-32% of the fields tested positive for the chemical(8).
Colorado - agricultural soil, 9 samples, 11.1% pos, 0.04 ppm unspecified as to isomer(9).
Canadian apple orchard soil (dried) - 0-7.5 cm depth, 0.59-4.51 ppm unspecified as to isomer,
7.5-15 cm depth, not detected (<0.004 ppm) -0.12 ppm; Sour cherry orchard soil (dried) - 0-15
cm depth not detected (<0.0004 ppm)- 0.30 ppm, 0.064 ppm avg, 15-30 cm depth not
detected-0.10 ppm, 0.021 ppm avg; Sweet cherry orchard soil (dried) - 0-15 cm depth not
detected (< 0.004 ppm)-0.16 ppm, 0.052 ppm avg, 15-30 cm depth not detected-0.041 ppm,
0.009 ppm avg; Peach orchard soil (dried) - 0-15 cm depth 0.75-2.33 ppm, 15-30 cm depth
0.11-0.22 ppm; Peach orchard soil (dried) - 0-15 cm depth not detected (< 0.0004 ppm)-4.93
ppm, 1.27 ppm avg, 15-30 cm depth not detected-0.74 ppm, 0.12 ppm avg; Vineyard soil (dried)
- 0-15 cm depth not detected (< 0.0004 ppm)-0.52 ppm, 0.07 ppm avg, 15-30 cm depth not
detected-0.11 ppm, 0.02 ppm avg; Vineyard soil (dried) - 0.02 avg(10). California -
alpha-endosulfan 1/65 pos, 0.01 ppm max, beta-endosulfan 2/65 pos, 0.04-0.06 ppm range;
Michigan - beta-endosulfan 1/54 pos, 0.02 max; New England states - beta-endosulfan 1/20 pos,
0.07 ppm max(11). New England - cropland soil, 0.08 ppm alpha-endosulfan, 0.25 ppm
beta-endosulfan(12). [R86]
/During 1972 ... a pond near/ Simcoe, Ontario, following aerial application of endosulfan to local
tobacco fields ... /the sediments/ contained 0.9 ug/kg (dry weight) of a-endosulfan, 1.0 ug/kg (dry
weight) of beta-endosulfan, and 1.1 ug/kg (dry weight) of endosulfan sulfate at the east end of the
pond. The west end of the pond contained 1.2 ug/kg (dry weight) of endosulfan sulfate. [R87]
Ambient air samples from 14 states taken in 1970 and 16 states taken in 1971-72 were
2.11% positive for alpha-endosulfan with a mean concentration of 111.9 ng/cu m for positive
samples and 4.3 ng/cu m for all samples and a maximum value of 2256.6 ng/cu m(1). The samples
were 0.32% positive for beta-endosulfan with a mean concentration of 22.0 ng/cu m in the
positive samples and 0.1 ng/cu m in all samples with a maximum value of 54.5 ng/cu m(1). Air
samples from Columbia, SC maintained a mean endosulfan (isomer unspecified) concentration of
0.078 ng/cu m(2). [R88]
FOOD: Average dietary intake 10 ng/kg body weight/day(1) 1971-76. Year - positive composite
(%) (daily intake in ug): 1971 - 6.7% (1.0), 1972 - 3.8% (0.2), 1973 - 6.9% (2.0), 1974 - 3.8%
(3.0), 1975 - 1.7% (0.1), 1976 - 3.8% (0.8)(1). Large fruits - domestic 3281 samples, 2.9% pos,
0.005 ppm avg (isomer unspecified), imported 1048 samples, 1.9% pos, 0.0008 ppm avg; Small
fruits - domestic 1445 samples, 6.2% pos, 0.007 ppm avg, imported 2119 samples, 34% pos,
0.122 ppm avg; Leaf and stem vegetables - domestic 5319 samples, 13.5% pos, 0.031 ppm avg,
imported 312 samples, 13.3% pos, 0.444 ppm avg; Vine and ear vegetables - domestic 2954
samples, 3.4% pos, 0.004 ppm avg, imported 4117 samples, 8.3% pos, 0.004 ppm avg; Beans -
domestic 499 samples, 1.0% pos, 0.001 ppm avg, imported 365 samples, 11.3% pos, 0.005 ppm
avg; Root vegetables - domestic 3248 samples, 1.9% pos, 0.0005 ppm avg, imported 609
samples, 3.0% pos, 0.004 ppm avg; Processed vegetable products - domestic 631 samples, 4.3%
pos, 0.002 ppm avg imported 929 samples, 2.4% pos, 0.003 ppm avg; Processed fruit products -
domestic 210 samples, 3.7% pos, 0.002 ppm avg, imported 634 samples, 5.6% pos, 0.004 ppm
avg(1). Endosulfan was infrequently detected in eggs and egg products, fish, shellfish and hay(1).
Seventeen of 240 food composites contained concentrations ranging from 0.001-0.006 ppm and
13 of 240 food composites contained alpha-endosulfan at 0.001-0.006 ppm(2). Average dietary
intake of alpha-endosulfan in 1977 - 0.0026 ug/kg body weight/day, 1978 - 0.0025 ug/kg body
weight/day(2). Average dietary intake of beta-endosulfan in 1977 - 0.0031 ug/kg body
weight/day, 1978 - 0.0034 ug/kg body weight/day(2). One of infant food composites contained
0.002 ppm beta-endosulfan and one contained 0.004 ppm alpha-endosulfan(3). Two of 110
toddler food composites contained from 0.001-0.004 ppm beta-endosulfan(3). Average dietary
intake of alpha-endosulfan in toddlers in 1977 and 1978 - 0.0004 and 0.005 ug/kg body
weight/day, respectively(3). Average dietary intake of beta-endosulfan in infants in 1978 - 0.0002
ug/kg body weight/day, in toddlers in 1977 - 0.0012 ug/kg body weight/day, in 1978 - 0.0055
ug/kg body weight/day(3). [R89]
Alpha-endosulfan was found in 1 of 10 fruit and fruit juice samples for infants at a mean
concentration less than 0.0001 ppm, with a range below the detection limit and in 2 of 10
vegetable samples at a mean concentration of 0.0004 ppm, with a range from 0 to 0.004 ppm
(FDA: Total Diet Study)(1). Alpha-endosulfan was found in 1 of 20 potato samples for adults at a
mean concentration of 0.0003 ppm, with a range from 0 to 0.006 ppm and in 3 of 20 leafy
vegetable samples at a mean concentration of 0.0005 ppm, with a range from 0.002 to 0.005 ppm
(FDA: Total Diet Study(2). Beta-endosulfan was found in 4 of 20 leafy vegetable samples at a
mean concentration of 0.0005 ppm, with a range from 0.001 tp 0.006 ppm (FDA: Total Diet
Study(2). Beta-endosulan was found in 5 of 20 leafy vegetable samples at a mean concentration of
0.0008 ppm, with a range from 0.002 to 0.004 ppm (FDA: Total Diet Study)(3). Beta-endosulfan
was found in 1 of 20 legume vegetable samples at a concentration of 0.011 ppm (FDA: Total Diet
Study)(3). Alpha-endosulfan was found in 5 of 20 leafy vegetable samples at a mean
concentration of 0.0008 ppm, with a range from 0.001 to 0.007 ppm and in 1 of 20 legume
vegetable samples at a concn of 0.005 ppm (FDA: Total Diet Study)(3). It was also found in 1 to
13 vegetable samples for infants at a mean concentration of 0.0001 ppm, with a range of 0 to
0.001 ppm an in 3 of 13 potatoe samples at a mean concentration of 0.0002 ppm with a range
from 0.001 to 0.002 ppm (FDA: Total Diet Study)(4). Alpha-endosulfan was found in 9 of 27
leafy vegetable samples at a mean concentration of 0.0123 ppm, with a range from 0 to 0.150
ppm (FDA: Total Diet Study)(5). Beta-endosulfan was found in 13 of 27 leafy vegetable samples
at a mean concentration of 0.0083 ppm, with a range from 0 to 0.093 ppm (FDA: Total Diet
Study)(5). [R90]
AFTER SPRAYING ENDOSULFAN (3:2 MIXTURE OF I & II ISOMERS) ON
FOLIAGE, ENDOSULFAN I DECR TO 30% OF INITIAL DEPOSIT AFTER 1 WK & TO 2%
AFTER 3 WK. ENDOSULFAN II DECREASED TO 47% AFTER 1 WK & TO 2% AFTER 7
WK. ALL LEAF EXTRACTS CONTAINED A MORE PERSISTENT CMPD IDENTIFIED AS
ENDOSULFAN SULFATE. 75% OF RESIDUE WAS IN THE FORM OF SULFATE AFTER 3
WK & 90% AFTER 7-11 WK.
BURLEY TOBACCO HARVESTED IMMEDIATELY AFTER TREATMENT WITH 0.5
LB/ACRE OF ENDOSULFAN & CURED FOR 4 MONTHS CONTAINED AVERAGE
TOTAL ENDOSULFAN RESIDUES OF 23.2 PPM. ON THE TOP LEAVES, ENDOSULFAN
I COMPRISED 13%, ENDOSULFAN II 78% & ENDOSULFAN SULFATE 9% OF THE
TOTAL. THE SULFATE ACCOUNTED FOR APPROX 20% OF THE TOTAL RESIDUES
ON THE MIDDLE & BOTTOM LEAVES, WITH A CORRESPONDING DECREASE IN
THE CONCN OF ENDOSULFAN II. [R91]
FOR MOST FRUITS & VEGETABLES 50% OF THE RESIDUE IS LOST IN 3-7 DAYS.
ON 3 DATES IN JAN, 1977, IN MIAMI, FL, 105 LOTS OF IMPORTED CUT FLOWERS
(CARNATIONS, POMPOM CHRYSANTHEMUM, AND STANDARD
CHRYSANTHEMUMS) WERE SAMPLED FOR PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION. SIXTEEN
PESTICIDES OF VARYING TOXICITY WERE DETECTED; ENDOSULFAN, DIAZINON,
AND PHOSPHAMIDON OCCURRED MOST FREQUENTLY. HIGH RESIDUE LEVELS,
GREATER THAN 5 PPM, WERE FOUND IN FLOWERS FROM 17 OF THE 43 GROWERS,
16 FROM COLUMBIA AND 1 FROM GUATEMALA. [R92]
FISH: Eight of 9 samples of whole body tissue of the clam, Corbicula manilensis taken from the
Apalachicola River in Florida had endosulfan residues (isomer unspecified) below the detection
limit (<0.1 ppt). The maximum endosulfan concentration was 0.2 ppt.(1). Gulf of Mexico oysters
0.06-0.4 ppm(2). German Wadden sea cockle 0.2-0.3 ppb, soft clam 0.5-0.8 ppb, lugworm
0.3-0.5 ppb, brown shrimp 0.3-0.4 ppb, sole 0.9-1.7 ppb(3). [R93]
RESIDUES OF ENDOSULFAN INSECTICIDE (ALPHA & BETA-ISOMERS, AND
ENDOSULFAN SULFATE) IN FISH & THEIR PREDATORS WERE MEASURED DURING
AND AFTER OPERATION TO CONTROL TSETSE FLY IN THE OKAVANGO DELTA,
BOTSWANA. SIX ULV DOSES OF ENDOSULFAN 35% EC (6-12 G AI/HA) WERE
APPLIED FROM THE AIR IN A PERIOD OF 12 WK OVER 2500 SQ KM. THE CONCN OF
RESIDUES FOUND IN LIVING FISH WAS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 0.19 MG/KG WET
WT IN CAUDAL MUSCLE, & USUALLY 0.8 MG/KG WET WT IN POOLED VISCERA
(MAX 2.8 MG/KG). THESE VALUES RETURNED TO NEAR-NORMAL WITHIN 3 MO
AFTER CESSATION OF SPRAYING, BUT RESIDUES WERE STILL DETECTABLE
AFTER 12 MO. BY COMPARISON, FISH KILLED BY SPRAYING CONTAINED A MAX
RESIDUE LEVEL (WHOLE BODY) OF 1.5 MG/KG WET WT. LEAN FISH WERE MORE
SUSCEPTIBLE TO POISONING THAN FAT FISH. RESIDUE LEVELS IN FISH
PREDATORS (FISH-EATING BIRDS & CROCODILES) WERE SIMILAR TO THOSE IN
THEIR PREY, AND THE RISK TO THEM WAS CONSEQUENTLY LOW. [R94]
Different fish species from Abu Qir Bay, Idku Lake, and Maryut Lake in Alexandria, Egypt, were
assayed for residues of organochlorine insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBS). The
lakes receive drainage from industrial, agricultural, and urban activities. The fish were obtained
from commercial fishermen in 1985: Pagellus erythrinus, Sargus vulgarius, Siganus rivulatus,
Sphyraena sphyraena, and Trigla hirundo from Abu Qir Bay; and Tilapia fish from Idku and
Maryut Lakes. Twenty grams of dorsal fish muscle were extracted and the residues analyzed by
GLC; reagent blanks and spike samples were included with each sample. With the exception of
alpha-endosulfan at a low level (< 0.1 ug/kg) in Tilapia species, endosulfan was not detected in
any sample. From a health standpoint, all samples were well below permissible levels for
endosulfan(1). Eggs of Chinook salmon collected from 15 females returning from Lake Michigan
in the Fall of 1982 contained endosulfan at concn ranging from 0.6 to 27.8 ug/kg wet weight with
an average of 10.9 ug/kg(2). Endosulfan was detected in the muscle tissue of common carp,
Tench and Bleak fish in so. Italy at concn of 5, 5 and 8 ng/g of wet weight, respectively(3). [R95]
ENDOSULFAN WAS APPLIED TO FORAGE CROPS ON WHICH CATTLE WERE
ALLOWED TO GRAZE BEGINNING SEVEN DAYS AFTER APPLICATION.
ENDOSULFAN SULFATE WAS FOUND IN THE SILAGE & IN THE FAT OF ONLY ONE
ANIMAL. ... NO DETECTABLE RESIDUES WERE FOUND IN THE MILK FROM DAIRY
COWS FED THE TREATED SILAGE.
Eight insecticides were identified from 43 samples of honey bees (Apis mellifera) obtained from
35 beekeepers in 1981 and 1982. A total of 268 colonies were documented to have been
contaminated from May through early October. Carbaryl was detected in 65% of the samples.
Methyl parathion and methoxychlor were found in 30 and 14% of the samples, respectively. Other
insecticides in honey bees included endosulfan, chlordane, malathion, diazinon, and acephate.
[R28]
Endosulfan was detected in 13 of 55 apiaries in CT in 1983-5 at concn up to 4.40 ppm(1). [R96]
Pyrolysis studies on tobacco indicate that the alpha and beta-isomers, the sulfate
derivatives, and a variety of other products are present in contaminated tobacco smoke. [R97]
Endosulfan residues (endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate) have been detected in most types of USA
tobacco products in recent years. Average residue levels range from 0.12 mg/kg to 0.83 mg/kg
for 1971-1973. [R98]
The most probable route of endosulfan exposure in humans is the ingestion of food
containing the pesticide as a result of intentional pesticide application or bioconcentration. (SRC)
Food is the main source of exposure of the general population to endosulfan. ... Dermal exposure
is another /potential route of entry/ in occupationally exposed /individuals/. /Total of alpha and
beta-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate/ [R99]
FOOD INTAKE: 1.18 ug - obtained by averaging the average daily intake values for the
years 1971-76(1). WATER INTAKE: (assume 0.04 ppb), 0.08 ug. This value is based on only
one measurement from an unidentified source and must, therefore, be considered tenuous. AIR
INTAKE: (assume 111.9 ng/cu m) 2.24 ug for alpha-endosulfan and (assume 22.0 ng/cu m) 0.44
ug for beta-endosulfan. [R100]
FLOWER INSPECTORS & COMMERCIAL FLORISTS HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO
ENDOSULFAN CONTAMINATED FLOWERS. [R92]
Workers engaged in airblast spraying of fruit orchards were exposed to endosulfan at 24.7 mg/hr
dermally and 0.02 mg/hr via respiration on the average(1). Workers in formulation plants have
also been exposed to endosulfan, although no quantitative data were presented(1). Endosulfan
was shown to persist on the skin of the hands from 1 to 112 days after workers had applied the
pesticide(2). [R101]
Those engaged in the manufacture, formulation and application of this material.
THE RAMAN SPECTRA OF FIVE PESTICIDES CONTAINING THE
NORBORNENE GROUP INCL ENDOSULFAN WERE RECORDED TO PROVIDE
ACCURATE SPECTRA AS AN AID TO IDENTIFICATION OF THE CMPD. [R111]
DETERMINATION OF ENDOSULFAN RESIDUES IN FRESH FRUITS & VEGETABLES
BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WAS STUDIED. [R112]
A new solvent system, 1% and 2% acetone in hexane, was developed for chromatography on
partially inactivated Florisil to facilitate the separation of isomers of endosulfan and its metabolites
from fish tissues under tropical conditions. By using /a previously described/ colorimetric method
... the minimum detectable limit for each isomer of endosulfan in various fish tissues is 5 ug. With
this solvent system, the two isomers present in the technical material can be separated, so their
toxicity to fish can be assessed separately. [R113]
EPA Method 8080: Organochlorine Pesticides and PCBs. The sensitivity and reliability of Method
8080 usually depends on the level of interferences rather than on instrumental limitations. If
interferences prevent detection of the analytes, Method 8080 may also be performed on samples
that have undergone cleanup. Method 3620, Florisil Column Cleanup, by itself or followed by
Method 3660, Sulfur Cleanup, may be used to eliminate interferences in the analysis. This method
is used to determine the concentration of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in solid waste. A
representative sample is collected in a glass container equipped with a Teflon-lined cap. Due to
the possibility of contamination, any contact with plastic must be avoided. Maximum sample
holding time after extraction is 40 days. Detection is achieved by an electron capture detector
(ECD) or a halogen-specific detector (HSD). Column 1 contains Supelcoport (100/120 mesh)
coated with 1.5% SP-2250/1.95% SP-2401 packed in a 1.8-m by 4-mm ID glass column or
equivalent. Colomn 2 contains Supelcoport (100/120 mesh) coated with 3% OV-1 in a 1.8-m by
4-mm ID glass column or equivalent. Under the prescribed conditions, Endosulfan I has a
detection limit of 0.014 ug/l, an average recovery range of four measurements of 1.14-2.82 ug/l,
and a limit for the standard deviation of 0.49 ug/l. /Endosulfan I/ [R114]
EPA Method 8080: Organochlorine Pesticides and PCBs. The sensitivity and reliability of Method
8080 usually depends on the level of interferences rather than on instrumental limitations. If
interferences prevent detection of the analytes, Method 8080 may also be performed on samples
that have undergone cleanup. Method 3620, Florisil Column Cleanup, by itself or followed by
Method 3660, Sulfur Cleanup, may be used to eliminate interferences in the analysis. This method
is used to determine the concentration of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in solid waste. A
representative sample is collected in a glass container equipped with a Teflon-lined cap. Due to
the possibility of contamination, any contact with plastic must be avoided. Maximum sample
holding time after extraction is 40 days. Detection is achieved by an electron capture detector
(ECD) or a halogen-specific detector (HSD). Column 1 contains Supelcoport (100/120 mesh)
coated with 1.5% SP-2250/1.95% SP-2401 packed in a 1.8-m by 4-mm ID glass column or
equivalent. Colomn 2 contains Supelcoport (100/120 mesh) coated with 3% OV-1 in a 1.8-m by
4-mm ID glass column or equivalent. Under the prescribed conditions, Endosulfan II has a
detection limit of 0.004 ug/l, an average recovery range of four measurements of 2.2-17.1 ug/l,
and a limit for the standard deviation of 6.1 ug/l. /Endosulfan II/ [R114]
EPA Method 608 A gas chromatography method for the analysis of endosulfan I in municipal and
industrial discharges, consists of a glass column, 1.8 m x 4 mm, packed with Supelcoport
(100/120 mesh) coated with 1.5% SP-2401, with electron capture detection, and a 5%
methane/95% argon mixture as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 60 ml/min. A sample injection
volume of 2 to 5 ul is suggested, the column temperature is held isothermal at 200 deg C. This
method has a detection limit of 0.014 ug/l and an overall precision of 0.18 times the average
recovery + 0.08, over a working range of 0.5 to 30 ug/l. /Endosulfan I/ [R115]
EPA Method 608 A gas chromatography method for the analysis of endosulfan II in municipal
and industrial discharges, consists of a glass column, 1.8 m x 4 mm, packed with Supelcoport
(100/120 mesh) coated with 1.5% SP-2401, with electron capture detection, and a 5%
methane/95% argon mixture as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 60 ml/min. A sample injection
volume of 2 to 5 ul is suggested, the column temperature is held isothermal at 200 deg C. This
method has a detection limit of 0.004 ug/l and an overall precision of 0.47 times the average
recovery - 0.20, over a working range of 0.5 to 30 ug/l. /Endosulfan II/ [R115]
THREE STATIONARY PHASES FOR SEPARATION OF ENDOSULFAN &
METABOLITES FROM ANIMAL FAT UTILIZING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. [R116]
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